![]() However, based on the feedback from ELL educators in their analysis of item formats, a specific context to create item test specifications (presumably reverseengineering) is provided to compensate for this gap. The following paper reports the results in the development of the Oregon English Language Proficiency Assessment where no item test specifications were used to create test items. The paper is unique because it shows data collected from almost 25,000 respondents and it presents a comparison of the use of e-tourism among citizens of 28 European Union member states. Originality/value – With the worldwide rapid growth of internet (and e-commerce) many benefits can be reach by tourism sector especially in the growing competition. ![]() Simultaneously, these results may contribute to enhancing competitiveness of the whole European Union and increasing its gross domestic product. ![]() #I married an alien news article paper how to#Practical implications – The findings of this study can provide tour operators with useful suggestions on how to extend the utility of internet (e-commerce) in order to develop their business, get more customers and improve their profitability. #I married an alien news article paper professional#Statistically significant relationships between the frequency of using e-tourism and socio-economic variables, such as age, sex, education level, occupation, and professional position, are also identified. Findings – The authors of this study identify a statistically significant relationship between the frequency of the use of e-tourism by internet users and their country of origin. Also CATI approach was used in one country. For each of the 32 benchmarked countries, a representative sample of internet users was surveyed via local online panels. Relationships between variables and the frequency of the use of e-tourism services by consumers in 28 countries in Europe were analyzed. Design/methodology/approach – The secondary data regarding the use of e-tourism services in 28 European Union member states were used for analysis. Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test the frequency of the use of e-tourism by consumers/internet users of various European Union member states and to identify the socio-economic variables that determine this frequency. Further research is suggested to extend the current study by examine the effect of other courses and different contents and by considering various evaluation methods of online courses, such as: observation, the think aloud, text and tasks analysis, and reflection. The article discusses the affordance of the online course via additional features that can be grouped into two categories: knowledge construction and flexibility in time, interaction and knowledge. Yet, it carefully reports on a slight but explicitly marginal perceived evaluation of the LD students in comparison to excellent students and average students regarding: forum participation, authentic task and water lab performance. LD students’ achievements were not inferior to those of their peers, excellent students and average students. ![]() Findings, based on students` perceived evaluation, pinpointed on the advantages of the online course for students of the three groups. Data were collected using quantitative and qualitative tools including: pre and post questionnaires and nine (three students from each group) depth interviews upon completion of the course. The assumption was that adapting the online course by using information and communication technology following formative assessment will improve students' self-learning ability as well as broaden their science knowledge, their lab performance and teaching skills. During the online course students were asked to choose a scientific subject to map it and to plan teaching activities to carry out the proposed activities with students in a classroom experience and to reflect the process. The perceived contribution of science education online course to pre-service students (N=121) from diverse backgrounds - students with learning disabilities (25 LD students), 28 excellent students and 68 average students is presented in this five years research. ![]()
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